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建设部关于发布国家标准《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》的公告

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建设部关于发布国家标准《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》的公告

建设部


建设部关于发布国家标准《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》的公告



中华人民共和国建设部
公  告
第119号

建设部关于发布国家标准《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》的公告

  现批准《建设工程工程量清单计价规范》为国家标准,编号为GB50500-2003,自2003年7月1日起实施。其中第1.0.3、3.2.2、3.2.3、3.2.4(1)、3.2.5、3.2.6(1)条(款)为强制性条文,必须严格执行。

  本规范由建设部标准定额研究所组织计划出版社出版发行。

中华人民共和国建设部
二○○三年二月十七日


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凡携带“凶器”进行抢夺就是抢劫吗?
——对《刑法》第二百六十七条第二款的质疑

滑力加


我国《刑法》第二百六十七条规定:"抢夺公私财物,数额较大的,处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制,并处或者单处罚金;数额巨大或者有其他严重情节的,处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金;数额特别巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的,处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑,并处罚金或者没收财产。
携带凶器抢夺的,依照本法第二百六十三条的规定定罪处罚。"
新刑法关于抢夺罪的修改同旧刑法相比,分了三个层次,一是抢夺公私财物,数额较大的;二是数额巨大或者有其他严重情节的;三是数额特别巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的。三个层次的划分,充分体现了我国刑法的罪行相适应原则,为打击严重的抢夺犯罪提供了有利的法律依据。但该条第二款关于携带凶器抢夺的,依照抢劫罪定罪处罚的规定,笔者认为值得斟酌。
按照《刑法》二百六十七条第二款规定,在抢夺犯罪中凡是携带有"凶器",就以抢劫罪定罪处罚。笔者认为这种不分具体情况、一慨而论的作法不符合我国刑法中的罪行相适应的刑事原则。
就"携带凶器抢夺"而言,缺乏明确的法律界定。新刑法颁布后,很长一段时间内,对于什么是凶器,没有统一的司法解释,实践中很难把握。2000年11月17日, 最高人民法院发布了《关于审理抢劫案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》(以下简称《解释》)。该《解释》规定:刑法第二百六十七条第二款规定的"携带凶器抢夺",是指行为人随身携带枪支、爆炸物、管制刀具等国家禁止个人携带的器械进行抢夺或者为了实施犯罪而携带其他器械进行抢夺的行为。
但是否凡是携带"凶器"进行抢夺的都是抢劫呢? 笔者认为不能一概而论。在司法实践中,携带"凶器"抢夺有多种方式,现举以下几种方式进行分析:
第一种是行为人身上藏有"凶器",在实施抢夺过程中没有向被害人露出"凶器";
第二种是行为人身上佩带"凶器",在实施抢夺过程中采用的是乘人不备的手段,被害人没有看到行为人有"凶器";
第三种是行为人身上佩带"凶器",在实施抢夺过程中,被害人也看见其有"凶器";
第四种是行为人身上佩带"凶器",在实施抢夺过程中,故意向被害人显露其有"凶器";
第五种是行为人身上佩带或藏有"凶器",在实施抢夺过程中采用的是乘人不备的手段。但在抢夺了被害人的财物后,为窝藏赃物、抗拒抓捕或者毁灭罪证而当场使用暴力或者以暴力相威胁而使用所携带的"凶器"。
笔者认为,对例举的上述五种情况(司法实践中尚有许多,在此不一一例举),应当具体情况具体分析,不应当一律以抢劫罪定罪。
在第一、第二两种情况下,行为人虽然身上隐藏有"凶器",但在实施抢夺过程中始终没有露出或者被害人没有看到"凶器",这样的行为完全符合抢夺罪的构成要件,而不应当定抢劫罪。
"凶器"一词在现代汉语词典的解释中是指"行凶时所用的器具"。换言之,如果行为人在作案时没有使用某种器具,那么此种器具就不能称之为凶器。就如同一把菜刀,如在正常情况下,它的名称叫菜刀。只有当行为人用其行凶时,才改变了其菜刀的属性,成为凶器。同理,行为人虽携带了"凶器",但并没有显露,这时的所谓凶器并不是凶器。在此种情况下,行为所实施的行为只能是一种抢夺行为,而不能因其身上有"凶器",就改变了其行为的性质。
刑法第二百六十三条规定在抢劫犯罪中遇有八类情况时,可处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑,其中之一是"持枪抢劫"。那么是不是凡是"持枪抢劫"都要按此法定刑处罚呢?根据高法《解释》:刑法第二百六十三条第(七)项规定的"持枪抢劫",是指行为人使用枪支或者向被害人显示持有、佩带的枪支进行抢劫的行为。
由此《解释》不难看出,在抢劫犯罪过程中,行为人虽然持有枪支,但如果没有在犯罪过程中使用或者向被害人显示持有、佩带有枪支,其行为就不属于持枪抢劫。既然行为人在抢劫犯罪过程中持有最具威慑力的枪支,还必须具备一定的条件才能构成持枪抢劫,那为什么行为人在抢夺犯罪中却只问你有无"凶器",而不管你是否虮缓θ讼允灸兀空庀匀挥形侍狻?br> 在第三、第四种情况下,行为人在实施"抢夺"过程中,已经向被害人故意显露,或者因其"凶器"已在实施抢夺前使被害人看到,这样一来,虽然没有用言语进行威胁,但其身上所带的"凶器",对被害人来说,此情此景远比行为人用言语威胁更具有威慑力。正所谓"此时无声胜有声"。这是一种最直接的精神上的威胁,因而完全符合抢劫罪中"以暴力相威胁"的条件,可直接适用刑法第二百六十三条。
对第五种情况,则完全符合刑法第二百六十九条 " 犯盗窃、诈骗、抢夺罪,为窝藏赃物、抗拒抓捕或者毁灭罪证 而当场使用暴力或者以暴力相威胁的,依照本法第二百六十三条的规定定罪处罚"的规定。在这种情况下,刑法 二百六十七条第二款是对二百六十九条的重复。
在司法实践中,行为人"携带凶器"进行犯罪,不仅仅出现在抢劫、抢夺犯罪中,在其他犯罪中也很常见。如在盗窃犯罪中,有些罪犯怕被抓,往往在作案时携带或者到现场后先找"凶器",以作"防身"之用。如常见一些盗窃罪犯在夜间,携带"凶器"潜入他人 卧室,乘被害人熟睡进行盗窃;或者携带"凶器"入住旅馆,盗窃同室旅客。他们都携带有"凶器",如按制定抢夺罪第2款的立法意图,是否在盗窃罪条款中也增加一款"携带凶器盗窃的,依照本法第二百六十三条的规定定罪处罚"?
显然没有这个必要。因为罪犯虽然在作案时携带某种"凶器",但在作案中没有使用,就不能因其身上带有某种器具,从而改变了案件的性质。不仅如此,即使行为人原打算去某一户人家去抢劫,当其携带"凶器"来到被害人处时,见被害人家门窗大开,被害人在内呼呼大睡,其物品放置一旁。行为人见此,只是进入室内,拿走物品。在此情况下,行为人的犯罪性质已变化为盗窃;假若其盗窃财物后,在逃离现场时被被害人发现,若其进行抗拒抓捕而行凶,则属于刑法第二百六十九条的转化。
综上所述,刑法第二百六十三条第二款的某些内容实际已为刑法其它条款所包含;而另一些情况则不适用。故该款没有存在的意义。


作者单位:呼和浩特市新城区人民检察院
2003年8月






Interpretation of Circular No.698

Jian Sun


Background

 In accordance with provisions of the new Law of Enterprise Income Tax (2008) and Implementing Regulations (2008), whether the income from equity investment asset transfer is derived from PRC shall be classified by the domicile of the invested enterprise, so as to decide whether should pay the income tax in PRC jurisdiction. Whereas, the State Administration of Taxation of PRC (SAT) has not clearly addressed the condition that whether the income from foreign enterprises’ transfer of Chinese domestic enterprises shares they indirectly held by the transfer of offshore holding companies falls into Chinese jurisdiction or should pay income tax in PRC.

The promulgation of Circular No.698 Guoshuihan 2009

 On December 10, 2009, the State Administration of Taxation (SAT) promulgated the Circular on Regarding Strengthening the Administration of Income Tax of Sale of Shares by Non-Resident Enterprises, (Guoshuihan [2009] 698) .

 Provisions in Circular No.698 clearly addresses that prevent the foreign enterprises from evading income tax obligation by indirect transfer of shares of Chinese resident enterprises through arrangements like abusing the corporate governance.

 In accordance with the provisions in Circular No.698, foreign investor whose indirect transfer of Chinese residence enterprises falling into the following two catalogues:

(1) The real tax burden rate of the jurisdiction where the offshore holding company transferred is incorporated is less than 12.5%; or

(2) The jurisdiction where the offshore holding company transferred is incorporated does not acquire income tax from foreign-sourced income.

 shall submit the relevant documents as below to the local taxation bureau where the Chinese domestic enterprises being transferred located within 30 days after the execution of Share Transfer Agreement to prove the aforesaid indirect share transfer is for reasonable commercial purpose.

(1) Share Transfer Contract or Agreement.

(2) The relationship between Foreign Investors and Offshore Holding Companies transferred by Foreign Investors regarding finance, operation, purchase and sale, etc;

(3) The situation of the operation, personnel, finance, property of the offshore holding companies transferred by foreign investors;

(4) The relationship of the offshore holding companies transferred by foreign investors and Chinese domestic enterprises regarding finance, operation, purchase and sale, etc.

(5) The Explanations of reasonable commercial objectives of establishment of offshore holding companies by foreign investors.

(6)Other relevant documents required by Taxation Authorities.

 Where administrating tax authorities, upon review and examination of the documents submitted by foreign investors, deem such offshore holding company to be a vehicle incorporated for the purpose of tax evasion, it has the power to re-classify the share transfer transaction in according to the nature of economies, deny the existence of offshore holding company and impose 10% income tax to the transfer of shares after the examination by the State Administration of Taxation.

 In the second place, when non-resident enterprises transfer Chinese resident enterprises to affiliated parties in the unfair price compared to the fair and independent transaction to reduce the taxable income, tax authorities have the power to adjust the income by proper methods.

 In the third place, provisions contained in Circular 698, share transfer income refers to difference between share transfer price and share cost. Share transfer price includes all sum received by share transfer assignors. In the event of invested enterprises have non-allocated profit or various funds after tax profit drawing, the invested enterprises shall not deduct aforesaid income sum from share transfer price. Cost of shares refers to real contribution sum paid by share transfer assignor to Chinese domestic company, or transfer sum paid to original assignors in the time when assignors purchased these shares.

Influence to the Oversea IPO’s and M&A

 As the Circular 698 enforced from January 1, 2008, non-resident enterprises shall review the transfer situation of Chinese domestic enterprises to decide the next step whether to calculate and submit the Enterprise Income Tax (direct transfer) or to submit the relevant document to Local Tax Authorities in the place where Chinese domestic enterprises located (indirect transfer).


国税函 2009(698)号解读
Interpretation of Circular No.698

发布背景